“(...) los costes adicionales (causados por el BREXIT) para la economía británica serían de alrededor de 7.000 millones de libras anuales. Más o menos lo mismo que la contribución presupuestaria de Reino Unido a la UE.” (Wesel, 2021)
Después de hacerse efectivo el BREXIT, el 31 de diciembre del 2020, los medios de comunicación a nivel internacional han reportado las implicaciones inesperadas que la salida de Reino Unido (RU) de la Unión Europea (UE) trae consigo. Consecuencias que implican desde la imposibilidad para los transportistas de llevar su refrigerio, perturbaciones en las fronteras hasta la reducción importante del tráfico de productos a los países miembros de la UE. En el presente artículo se explicará el origen de la separación, el contexto actual y las posibles medidas de solución a tomarse a largo plazo.
Después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial y la necesidad de un organismo integrador europeo, el Reino Unido a pesar del contexto nunca ha sido visto como un país europeísta (Torrecuadrada & García, 2017). Desde el planteamiento de la iniciativa para la integración europea con la Asociación Europea de Libre Comercio (EFTA, por sus siglas en inglés), se evidenció que las prioridades del Reino Unido se encontraban lejos de Europa, en la Commonwealth (Mancomunidad Británica de Naciones, que incluye 54 países que comparten lazos con el RU). Para este país su presencia en la UE ha sido controvertida, pues a dos años de materializarse su unión se celebró el primer referéndum para la separación. Estos deseos de separación, sobre todo en el referéndum realizado en el 2016 se fundamenta en cuatro ideas: primero, frenar la regulación de la UE en normas laborales, normas ambientales, leyes de protección del consumidor, lucha contra la evasión fiscal, entre otros; segundo, el deseo de reemplazar la membresía de la UE con un acuerdo limitado de libre comercio entre la organización supranacional y el RU; tercero, tener un mayor control sobre la migración proveniente del bloque europeo y cuarto, la restauración de la soberanía británica y la reconstrucción de vínculos con los países de la Commonwealth (Alex de Ruyter, 2018).
Al hacerse efectivo el BREXIT, los británicos no sólo dejan de contribuir en el presupuesto de la Unión Europea, sino que también pierden sus privilegios comerciales con los países miembros. Por lo tanto, el Reino Unido será ahora como todo país extranjero, el cual debe pagar más impuestos y aranceles para poder negociar con las empresas de la UE (Report, 2020). El BREXIT y sus
implicancias comerciales ponen en riesgo a la política comercial que se aplicaba entre el RU y la UE, pues estas normas reguladoras se encontraban a cargo de una mayoría calificada del Consejo Europeo, la cual al llegar a un consenso aplicaba las medidas discutidas como políticas comerciales en vigor en el país británico (Curran, s. f.). Boris Johnson, primer ministro del RU, promovió el desarrollo de un BREXIT duro, el cual hace referencia a hacer la salida de la UE aún cuando las condiciones en las que se efectúe su retiro no sea bajo los términos acordados.
Para ejemplificar los efectos comerciales de la concepción aplicada por Jhonson, se tomó el caso de las relaciones entre España y RU después de hacerse efectivo el BREXIT. Para el país español, el RU es el principal mercado de sus exportaciones con un volumen anual de 20000 euros; además, de ser el segundo destino de la inversión directa que alcanza cerca de 85000 millones. Con la efectivización del
BREXIT el 31 de diciembre del 2020, los flujos de mercancías entre España y el Reino Unido estarán sujetos a formalidades de aduanas y a la liquidación del IVA (impuesto sobre el valor agregado) en el caso de importaciones (EFE, 2020). Esto significa que vender o comprar al RU implica contar con un número identificador británico, proporcionar datos de protección y seguridad, obtención de licencias o la realización de trámites adicionales para el transporte de determinados productos como alcohol, tabaco, lácteos, combustibles, etc.
En conclusión, la efectividad del BREXIT y las inesperadas implicancias comerciales que originó tienen no sólo efectos negativos en las medidas regulatorias de compra y venta entre países de la UE y RU, sino que también por los límites comerciales se originan dificultades en sectores sociales, como el alimentario, educativo, entre otros. Por lo tanto, es importante que a largo plazo se evalúen y negocien los términos de los acuerdos suscritos entre la organización supranacional y el país británico.
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